Health Care Spending Essay

In the previous seven decades medicinal services spending has been expanding massively. The modern time got another framework to assist populace with dueling with the expense of clinical consideration. New innovation has become a truly necessary putting resources into the 21st century which has respect an incredible edge among little and huge offices. When taking a gander at all of these variables there is no big surprise the country is spend an excessive amount of cash on human services, in spite of the fact that on occasion may appear that there isn't sufficient. It appears that the correct speculation is expected to help those that need assistance the most the older and jobless, with the economy in a delicate state and joblessness rates expanding with the quarters there is no doubt that choices about how we are spending on human services needs to change. Despite the fact that such huge numbers of variables are engaged with the spending this paper would concentrate on our present degree of consumptions, how and where is the cash spent, anticipating what might be coming straightaway. Current degree of national medicinal services consumptions As indicated by â€Å"Physicians for a National Health Program† (2012), â€Å"National Health Expenditures was $2.8 trillion, and the spending as a percent of GDP was 18% for 2012† (National Health Expenditure Projections: Modest Annual Growth until Coverage Expands and Economic Growth Accelerates). When taking a gander at these realities many would even contend we are spending very enough with regards to human services or maybe to an extreme, anyway is the direct inverse insufficient spending is in the correct spot. These figures doesn't speak to the spent on one territory of social insurance the diagram beneath will give a thought concerning what, when, and where was spent on 2009. All out = $2.3 Trillion Source: Martin A.B. et al., â€Å"Growth In US Health Spending Remained Slow in 2010; Health Share of Gross Domestic Product Was Unchanged from 2009,† Health Affairs, 2012. As appeared on the diagram 51% of the spending is towards emergency clinic care and doctor/clinical administrations which are extraordinary to be put resources into, anyway the remainder of the spending as I would see it isn't relatively appropriate, yes those regions are critical however it would be advantageous if more can be dispersed along prescription, and different experts administrations to incorporate the testing and analyze of genuine diseases, for example, malignant growth. The speculation is require to finance the necessities on these zones, 45 percent of individuals under age 65 who don’t have protection inclusion for solutions said they had not filled a remedy in the most recent year due to the expense. Furthermore, 84 percent of working-age individuals in the U.S. without protection inclusion for solutions said they had made some move, for example, spending less on staple goods or deferring taking care of different tabs so as to pay for their meds, an expansion from 71 percent a year ago (Rowan, 2012). As to for patients with malignant growth there ought to be all the more financing for the new innovation accessible for test that numerous patients don't know, since they can't bear the cost of it or just in light of the fact that it isn't accessible in their general vicinity. Spending: Too much or insufficient? In 2010, $2.6 trillion was spent on human services administrations and items, 61 percent of which bought medical clinic care, doctor and clinical administrations, and retail professionally prescribed medications. Private medical coverage paid for 33 percent, cash based hotspots for 12 percent, and other outsider payers and projects for 7 percent. The two biggest government human services projects, Medicare and Medicaid, bought $925.1 billion worth of social insurance products and enterprises in 2010, representing 36 percent of all out medicinal services spending (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2012). The expansion of cost would keep on ascending as indicated by financial experts, human services directors, and counsels compelling for another change to change the framework. In this way many are not very please with this thought is a wonderful that can't be stay away from, there is a need to change in arrangements and strategies where we spent or put resources into medicinal services. Recommending that the speculation is too little would be a refusal explanation, regular an ever increasing number of patients are depending on projects, for example, Medicare and Medicaid to get the consideration required right now. As the financial downturn set in more profound less would be accessible to manage the cost of simply the fundamental needs, medicine or any treatment; joblessness rates are on the ascent and it doesn't appear it would stop at any point in the near future. In spite of the fact that the new change would attempt to set up some sort of security, until the insurance agencies and arrangement producers go to a consent to give an all inclusive premium to support which can be moderate for all, similar issues would keep on rising. Numerous components additionally have impact on spending considering for instance the interest for new innovation in the 21st century; this pattern has become somewhat a factor in the ascent on human services spending. Quite a bit of this new innovation is gainful in the event that it gives another approach to utilized as of now set up innovation, anyway numerous investigations have uncovered that the greater part of them are just here to supplant such innovation and at certain conditions increment the expense of administration. As a nation a more profound thought of such innovation is required not exclusively to set aside cash, however to contribute shrewdly with regards to what might enable the framework to cut in spending. Future financial needs of social insurance For quite a long time to come the suffering impacts of the monetary downturn and moderate recuperation, due for the most part due to fractional development in salaries, are required to keep on restricting wellbeing spending development. In 2014 the inclusion developments spread out in the Affordable Care Act for Medicaid and for private health care coverage are required to build the development rate for wellbeing spending, with striking increments expected in spending on doctor administrations and physician recommended drugs for recently guaranteed patients. Before the year's over, higher pay development and the proceeding with move of gen X-ers into Medicare are required to cause wellbeing spending to develop around two rate focuses quicker than by and large financial development, which is about a similar differential experienced in the course of recent years. Consequently an important change of a national human services maybe would give the change required, the main issue with this proposal is the financing. Along these lines a national social insurance would enable each resident to arrive at the so required clinical consideration required at a reasonable value there is nothing unexpected that the financing through Federal projects are diminishing, and the expense of private protection continues raising. In this manner a more assessed change ought to be set up where the expense of care ought to be directed, and progressively reasonable choices are given to the populace; an expansion on repayment of human services for fundamental wellbeing needs is important to finance the expense for complex wellbeing needs so as to keep the cost managed. As indicated by â€Å"Centers For Medicare And Medicaid Services† (2011), â€Å"In 2014, national wellbeing spending is anticipated to ascend to 7.4 percent, or 2.1 rate focuses quicker than without change, as the significant inclusion extensions from the Affordable Care Act (ACA) are required to bring about 22 million less uninsured people† (National Health Expenditure Projections 2011-2021). Increments in Medicaid spending development, and private health care coverage development will add to the general quickening in national wellbeing spending in 2014. There is no doubt that innovation would likewise keep on raising to enable the framework to give the most ideal and quick route administrations to those out of luck. Putting more in social insurance can just profit the country; anyway the correct choices should be made so as to monitor the spending development. Reference Communities for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2012). Recovered from http://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/dsm-10.pdf Communities for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011). Recovered from http://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and - Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/Downloads/Proj2011PDF.pdf Martin A.B. et al., â€Å"Growth In US Health Spending Remained Slow in 2010; Health Share of Gross Domestic Product Was Unchanged from 2009,† Health Affairs, 2012. Doctors for a National Health Program. (2012). Recovered from http://www.pnhp.org/news/2012/june/2012-human services spending-including-organization Rowan, K. (2012). Fox news.com. Recovered from http://www.foxnews.com/wellbeing/2012/09/13/why-americans-remedies are-going-unfilled/

Comparative Public Administration Essay

Relative Public Administration: Historical and sociological components influencing regulatory frameworks; Administration and legislative issues in various nations; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and organization; Riggsian models and their scrutinize. ________________________________________________________________________ Snap on ‘ JOIN THIS SITE ‘ to get moment reports on new posts on this blog. And furthermore for’ INTERACTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS’ with respect to this blog’s posts ‘JOIN ITS FACEBOOK COMMUNITY/GROUP’ that is referenced on the correct hand side of this page. ________________________________________________________________________ Similar PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION †DEFINITION: Similar open organization is characterized as the investigation of managerial frameworks in a near manner or the investigation of open organization in other countries.Another definition for â€Å"comparative open administration† is the â€Å"quest for examples and regularities in authoritative activity and behavior†. It hopes to test the viability of the Classical Theorists’ (Fayol,Taylor,Urwick,etc) Principles of Administration adequacy on a widespread level(different political and managerial arrangements in creating and created nations and their biology) just as build up a similar hypothesis of Public Administration. It is an exceptionally noteworthy zone of study in Public Administration as it helps in understanding Administrative arrangements and their working in different settings and social orders/nations and what works and why it works. Also,it ad libs regulatory frameworks making them increasingly proficient along with aiding in including and extemporizing the previously existing writing/hypotheses of Public Administration in this way prompting a solid and handy hypothesis of the subject with the assistance of useful trials and examination. Relative PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EVOLUTION †A BACKDROP: Despite the fact that similar investigations in organization go back to Aristotlian times where he sent researchers to various pieces of world to examine their political systems,Comparative Public Administration began as a subject of premium post the Wilson(called the first comparativist) paper in 1884â where he properly expressed that so as to know our own country’s managerial shortcomings and excellencies we have to contrast and others. And,he expressed that organization is the best and most safe possibility of relative investigations as regulatory methods and techniques are comparative all over the place and in truth we can get familiar with a great deal by looking at. However,it was not paid attention to so because of the accentuation on conceptualizing and organizing just as characterizing Public Administration around then was the top need. The scholars and overseers just as governments were occupied with understanding their own managerial arrangement before they could set off on an examination with others. Thus, while this was being considered the First World War emitted and with its end and the foundation of the League Of Nations there came about a ton of inquiries in regards to the need to comprehend the necessities of the nations who were not all that created on the grounds that a significant number of them went under the British expansionism just as other settler nations so as to control these and draw greatest advantage. This similar investigation took a philosophical turn over the span of the subsequent universal war and its result when there came the finish of government and imperialism and rise of numerous free expresses, a joint activity by the created nations under the United Nations(formerly called ‘The League Of Nations’) aegis to restore the building up an underdeveloped nations just as to build up their own war harmed national economies. Furthermore, lets not overlook the start of Cold War between the two superpowers USA and Soviet Union which had a major influence in this development where both looked to hegemonise the world legislative issues and economy. USA started to lead the pack here in authoritative examinations and furthermore in giving money related just as specialized assistance to the creating countries so as to build their piece of the overall industry and furthermore to check socialism that was a result of the Soviet Union. The USA was the center point of these investigations since the Western nations came up short on the institutional and authoritative abilities to execute their developmentâ plans post world war 2.the government,United Nations and different private organizations just as corporates supported shifted specialized help programs that empowered the open administrators,lecturers of open organization and experts to consider the equivalent top to bottom just as movement abroad and accumulate hands on understanding and construct an all inclusive relative hypothesis of Public Administration. Eminent in these endeavors were that of the American Society For Public Administration(ASPA) and American Political Science Association( APSA). The main association officially shaped to figure a general near hypothesis of open organization was the Comparative Administration Group(CAG) in 1960 that was a division of the ASPA , financed by the Ford establishment to read strategies for improving open organization in creating nations under the chairmanship of Fred W. Riggs. More than giving authoritative methods this gathering turned into a discussion for scholarly people to comprehend why the creating nations contrast such a great amount by and by of organization and can't support the old style hypothesis standards of organization in their frameworks despite the fact that Classical scholars of organization like Fayol and Weber , and so forth lectured that their standards and models of organization were widespread in their component and can be applied anyplace with most prominent achievement. CAG gave the possibility of logical investigations and accentuated on experimental and ecological(social,cultural and verifiable components) investigation of different regulatory frameworks. Despite the fact that the CAG needed to close shop in the mid 70’s since different heads and academicians understood that because of the profoundly perplexing setting which the gathering had accommodated relative Public Administration considers was bringing about disappointments in giving extremely observational appraisal of organization factors in a general public. They expressed that it gave a generally excellent course yet the strategies were not being indicated to execute the thought. Thus the examinations was moved back to the Department of Comparative Studies. Additionally in 1968, the first Minnowbrook Conference was held under the chairmanship of Dwight Waldo that likewise discussed the requirement for Comparative Open Administration study and examination. Presently we will talk about in detail. Ways to deal with THE STUDY OF COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: 1) Ideal or Bureaucratic Approach: Bureaucratic particulars are read for arriving at resolutions and creating understanding. Under this methodology structures of associations are broke down as far as their flat differentiation,vertical differentiation,span of control,etc. Strategies and rules are broke down and the structure of working is resolved. Employment details and portrayals at different hubs are broke down and some comprehension is reached based on intricacy and level of specialization contrasted in respects with various regulatory frameworks. The impediments of this methodology is that however it has been viewed as basic yet it doesn't clarify the structures and their capacities in the public eye and gives an extremely broad perception. 2) Structural †Functional Approach : It is considered as an extremely famous methodology for looking at different managerial frameworks and was executed by Fred W. Riggs in his examination for building up his Models of society/condition/nature which will be talked about later in this article. This methodology investigations society as far as its different structures and their capacities for arriving at a comprehension with respect to their situating and working. Structures here can allude to govt.(political game plan) and theoretical like qualities frameworks in the public eye. Capacity is viewed as the release of obligations by these structures in the general public. The constraint of this methodology is that there must be a right recognizable proof of the structures before continuing to dissect them particularly in agraria-transitia and melded kaleidoscopic social orders. 3) Ecological Approach: Devised by Riggs this methodology expresses that structures and their capacities exist in an entomb dependant way. So if an examination is to be embraced of a specific structure and its capacity then its consequences for different frameworks and their elements of society are additionally to be broke down. Impediments is that this methodology is exceptionally intricate and hard to apply. Chronicled AND SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS: If one notification cautiously then it is plainly clear that recorded occasions have prompted the innovation of numerous authoritative practices. Despite the fact that there are aplenty,however,some models are refered to beneath. 1) English Administrative framework: England doesn't have a composed constitution chiefly on the grounds that it was a government winning there and the individuals lived there through shows and customs going on from days of yore. 2) Indian Administrative framework: Reservations are made as Indian culture is exceptionally various in issues of social just as financial status,etc after a great deal of recorded occasions like B.R aAmbedkar and his strategies just as the British division of Hindu and Muslims and different minorities in isolated electorate system,etc. There are different social laws in India that are produced using society like panchayats,etc. Inborn government assistance is given extraordinary consideration in India because of presence of tribals in the general public. Numerous offices(bureaucratic,political,economical,etc) are leftovers of British heritage like the workplace of the collector,police dept,civil services,etc. Income organization here is a cutting edge adaptation propelled by histori

The Importance of ADHD Awareness

The Importance of ADHD Awareness ADHD Print The Importance of ADHD Awareness By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 25, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Katja Kircher/Getty Images Undiagnosed, untreated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can wreak havoc on your life, and it can also impact your loved ones. Each year, we recognize ADHD Awareness Month in October is a time to celebrate the progress made in ADHD education and advocacy, understand the work that still needs to be done, and raise awareness about the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Without ADHD awareness, many children and adults continue to struggle. Ruth Hughes, Ph.D., is a clinical psychologist and former Chief Executive Officer and now special advisor of CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), the nations leading non-profit organization serving individuals with ADHD and their families. She is also the mother of an adult son with ADHD and learning disabilities. Here are her thoughts on ADHD awareness. Why ADHD Awareness Is so Important There may be as many as 15 million adults and children in the U.S. with ADHD, based upon prevalence studies and the 2010 census data. ADHD is also one of the most common disorders of childhood. Despite this, there is a huge amount of bad and misleading information on the internet and in the media about the condition. In addition, there are people with ADHD who have never been diagnosed but have lives filled with problems directly related to the symptoms. Goals of CHADD and ADHD Awareness Coalition Educate people about the disorderReinforce that ADHD is a real conditionRemind people that its highly treatable Highlight the choices in treatment Misconceptions About ADHD The most glaring misconception is the belief that ADHD is not real. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a well-documented neurological disorder: an individuals brain develops and functions differently with ADHD. There is a deep body of research on ADHD, and every major medical and health organization in the U.S. recognizes the legitimacy of this disorder. Individuals dont choose to have these symptoms, but they do have the responsibility to learn to manage them. ADHD is an equal opportunity disorder and is not the result of poor parentingâ€"another common myth. You can be an exceptional parent or a terrible parent and still have a child with ADHD. Good parenting will help your child learn to manage the symptoms better, but it wont prevent the occurrence of ADHD. There is a strong genetic link, and most families can identify other family members who exhibited the same symptoms. Another myth about ADHD is that anyone can be diagnosed with it, based on a list of behaviors that all of us exhibit at one time or another. Not so. When diagnosed properly, having the symptoms is just the first step. In addition, these symptoms must be long-term in natureâ€"at least six monthsâ€"and persistent every day. The symptoms must also be severe enough to cause significant impairment in functioning in a major area of life, such as school, work, family, or social life. And lastly, other causes of the symptoms must be ruled out. Only when all of this is done, should a diagnosis of ADHD be made. Why You or Your Child Should Get Tested for ADHD The Many Faces of ADHD ADHD is a lifelong disorder for most folks. You may be a child, an adult, or a retired grandparent and still have ADHD. Like many disorders, the symptoms may be expressed differently in different people. For one person, it may be a huge problem with impulsivity and hyperactivity. For another, it may be about the ability to pay attention. For some, the symptoms are very mild and easily controlled, while for others, the symptoms are quite severe and disruptive. Two-thirds of people diagnosed with ADHD have other co-occurring disorders as well: depression, learning disabilities, anxiety, and autism spectrum disorders are just a few. There are many faces of ADHD, but the most important message is that many, many people with ADHD manage their treatment effectively and live full and rewarding lives. How to Increase ADHD Awareness Science tells us that the most effective way to deal with any kind of stigma is to know someone with the disorder who is stigmatized. Its easy to say that ADHD is not real or caused by bad parenting when you have no experience with it. But if family members can learn to be comfortable saying to others I have ADHD, or A member of my family has ADHD, that usually stops people in their tracks and opens the door for some real dialogue. Only when we stop hiding will the stigma and misunderstanding truly disappear. ADHD Awareness Month ADHD Awareness Month brings together a number of national groups concerned about ADHD and mental health. The partners include the Attention Deficit Disorder Association (ADDA), the ADHD Coaches Organization (ACO), and Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). In addition, dozens of other health-related groups and government agencies recognize and celebrate ADHD Awareness Month, sharing information on  this disorder. Check out the Awareness Month  website and help spread the word.

Verbal Behavior and Verbal Response - 1328 Words

Skinner, in ‘A review of B. F. Skinner’s verbal Behavior’ and ‘Selections from Science and Human Behavior’, discusses the idea of operant conditioning in human behavior, and functional analysis in human verbal behavior respectively. Both ideas seek to explain human behavior, whether in physical action or in verbal communication. Operant conditioning takes its root from Thorndike’s law of effect, dealing with reinforcing consequences that are contingent on a response (or specified behavior). Functional analysis, on the other hand, deals with the identification of the variables that control verbal behavior and the means by which they interact to produce a particular verbal response. In this paper we seek to look at these two ideas in detail, as well as present Chomsky’s concerns and arguments about them. As briefly described in the previous chapter, operant conditioning has its basis in Thorndike’s law of effect. Thorndike’s law states that responses that result in a gratifying effect in a particular situation are more likely to occur in that situation, and responses that result in an inconvenience are less likely to occur again in that situation. Operant conditioning hence involves a reinforcing consequence that is contingent on a response (specified behavior). As a result the operant, which is a reference to the class of responses that result in the reinforcing consequence, is made more probable. Skinner illustrates the concept with an example in which an experimentalShow MoreRelatedSabrina Will Use A Low Tech Picture Board Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagescan use her communication board with limited prompts. Although, Sabrina will need more prompts if her frustration level gets too high, and she begins to engage in aggression behavior towards self or others. C. Receptive or Expressive: Is the targeted skill a receptive skill or an expressive skill? 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Thomas Hobbes and His Contribution to the Constitution Essay

Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes was an important figure in thee contribution to the Constitution. He was born on April 5th 1588 in Westport, Wiltshire, England and died December 4th 1679 in Hardwick, England. Hobbes’ uncle sponsored his education at Oxford University. In 1604, Hobbes’ father also named Thomas Hobbes, left his family and never returned to be seen again. Hobbes’ also had three siblings; two brothers and a sister. He wrote three major writings; De corpore (published eventually in 1655), De homine (published eventually in 1658), and De cive (appearing in 1642). De corpore was a writing that focused on physical life behavior. De homine was about human body and mind behaviors and actions. De cive summed up principles of a man’s†¦show more content†¦That article is basically saying how the amendments are made through people that are elected representatives; which is another form of popular sovereignty. Article 7 states â€Å"Ratification of the Convention of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.† The translation of this is that nine states must ratify the new Constitution before it goes into effect. Hobbes’ influenced all of these ways of sovereignty. *Important Points to Remember* * De Corpore- published in 1655 -Focused on physical life behavior * De Homine- published in 1658 -Focused on human body, mind behaviors, and actions * De Cive- appeared in 1642 -Summed up a man’s social life and organized manners * Thought that an absolute sovereignty government was the best form of government * His philosophy contributed to Article I, Article V, and Article VII in the United States Constitution Bibliography * Soylent, Communications. Thomas Hobbes. NNDB. Soylent Communications, 2011. Web. lt;http://www.nndb.com/people/691/000031598/gt;. * BBC. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). Worldwide: BBC, 2011. 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The Role of Input and Interaction in Sla Free Essays

The role of input and interaction in SLA Terminology input –any language directed at the learner intake –the portion of input that learners notice and therefore take into temporary memory. Intake may subsequently be accommodated in the learner’s interlanguage system (become part of long-term memory). However, not all intake is so accommodated. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Input and Interaction in Sla or any similar topic only for you Order Now output –what the learner produces (spoken written language) and how much he understands from the input input intake output views on the role of input: ? behaviourist There is a direct relationship between input and output. Acquisition is believed to be controlled by external factors, and the learner is viewed as a passive medium. They ignore the internal processing that takes place in learner’s mind. Input consists of: ? stimuli – with stimuli, the person speaking to the learner  models specific linguistic forms  which the learner internalizes by  imitating  them   ? feedback – it takes the form of positive reinforcement or correction. The possibility of shaping L2 acquisition by manipulating input to provide appropriate stimuli and adequate feedback mentalist They emphasize the importance of the learner’s ‘black box’. Input is still seen as essential for L2 acquisition, but it is only a ‘trigger’ that starts internal language processing. Learners have innate knowledge of the possible forms that any single language can take and use the information supplied by the input to arrive at the forms that apply in the case of the L2 they are trying to learn. Input is insufficient to enable learners to arrive at the rules of the target language. ? interactionist ognitive interactionist Acquisition is a product of the interaction of the linguistic environment and the learners’ internal mechanisms, with neither viewed as primary. Input has a determining function in language acquisition, but only within constraints imposed by the learner’s internal mechanisms. social interactionist Verbal interaction is crucial for language learning as it helps to make the ‘facts’ of the L2 salient to the learner. comprehensible input (Krashen 1981) – Input is a major causative factor in L2 acquisition Learners progress along the natural order by understanding input that contains structures a little bit beyond their current level of competence (i+1) – Comprehensible input is necessary to acquisition to take place, but it is not sufficient – learners need encouragement to ‘let in’ the in put they comprehend – Input becomes comprehensible as a result of simplification and with the help of contextual and extralinguistic clues – Fine-tuning (= provision of the linguistic features which the learners is ready to acquire next and using them, opposite: rough-tuning) is not necessary – Speaking is the result of acquisition, not its cause, learner production does not contribute directly to acquisition input and intake. Input refers to what is available to the learner, whereas intake refers to what is actually internalized (or, in Corder’s terms, â€Å"taken in†) by the learner. Anyone who has been in a situation of learning a second/foreign language is familiar with the situation in which the language one hears is totally incomprehensible, to the extent that it may not even be possible to separate the stream of speech into words. Whereas this is input, because it is available to the learner, it is not intake, because it â€Å"goes in one ear and out the other†; it is not integrated into the current learner-language system. This sort of input appears to serve no greater purpose for the learner than does that language that is never heard. Conceptually, one can think of the input as that language (in both spoken and written forms) to which the learner is exposed If there is a natural order of acquisition, how is it that learners move from one point to another? The Input Hypothesis provides the answer. Second languages are acquired â€Å"by understanding messages, or by receiving ‘comprehensible input’ † (Krashen, 1985, p. 2). Krashen defined â€Å"comprehensible input† in a particular way. Essentially, comprehensible input is that bit of language that is heard/read and that is slightly ahead of a learner’s current state of grammatical knowledge. Language containing structures a learner already knows essentially serves no purpose in acquisition. Similarly, language containing structures way ahead of a learner’s current knowledge is not useful. A learner does not have the ability to â€Å"do† anything with those structures. Krashen defined a learner’s current state of knowledge as i and the next stage as i + 1. Thus the input a learner is exposed to must be at the i + 1 level in order for it to be of use in terms of acquisition. â€Å"We move from i, our current level to i + 1, the next level along the natural order, by understanding input containing i + 1† In Krashen’s view, the Input Hypothesis is central to all of acquisition and also has implications for the classroom. a Speaking is a result of acquisition and not its cause. Speech cannot be taught directly but â€Å"emerges† on its own as a result of building competence via comprehensible input. b If input is understood, and there is enough of it, the necessary grammar is automatically provided. The language teacher need not attempt deliberately to teach the next structure along the natural order—it will be provided in just the right quantities and automatically reviewed if the student receives a sufficient amount of comprehensible input. there are numerous difficulties with the concept. First, the hypothesis itself is not specific as to how to define levels of knowledge. Thus, if we are to validate this hypothesis, we must know how to define a particular level (say, level 1904) so that we can know whether the input contains linguistic level 1905 and, if so, whether the learner, as a result, moves to level 1905. Krashen only stated that â€Å"We acquire by understanding language that contains structure a bit beyond our current level of competence (i + 1). This is done with the help of context or extralinguistic information† (1982, p. 21). Second is the issue of quantity. Krashen states that there has to be sufficient quantity of the appropriate input. But what is sufficient quantity? How do we know whether the quantity is sufficient or not? One token, two tokens, 777 tokens? And, perhaps the quantity necessary for change depends on developmental level, or how ready the learner is to acquire a new form. Third, how does extralinguistic information aid in actual acquisition, or internalization of a linguistic rule, if by â€Å"understanding† Krashen meant understanding at the level of meaning (see below and chapter 14 for a different interpretation of understanding)? We may be able to understand something that is beyond our grammatical knowledge, but how does that translate into grammatical acquisition? How to cite The Role of Input and Interaction in Sla, Papers

The Joy Luck Club Essay Example For Students

The Joy Luck Club Essay She learned to shout and speak up for herself. Rose is encouraged by An-Mei to assert herself; she influences Rose who stands up against Ted in Without Wood.   Ying-Ying confronts her past to help her daughter. In Rice Husband Lena evaluates her life with Harold because Ying-Ying gathers the threads of her past to set Lenas spirit loose. She teaches her to be a tiger, she has one eye asleep, the other open and watching, this is her true self. She shows this to Lena, that she is not only a frail old lady, therefore Lena can admit to being miserable and change this. We will write a custom essay on The Joy Luck Club specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Waverly thinks her mother does not communicate with her, however, at the end of the story there is a suggestion that her mother will break down the barrier and give her the love and confidence she needs as she says I will ask my daughter what she thinks.    Her mother gives Jing-Mei the strength of family and love in the two sisters she finds. Some general points 1. Look at p. 259. The daughters stories of their mothers past lives seems to differ from the truth. Why do you think this is? The daughters cannot understand their mothers real circumstances because American society cannot locate them; therefore the Chinese heritage is reduced to nonsense. 2. Look at p. 253 and p. 267. How does the daughters attitudes to their Chinese identity differ from that of their mothers? Waverly thinks Chinese identity is external only. She has Chinese genes therefore she can blend into Chinese culture. Her mother sees this, as entirely wrong, it is more your inner-self and projected mannerisms, which are Chinese, and they cannot be connected in any way to the American way of life. Jing-Mei thought she was entirely American and the belonged only to this society. Her mother argued that her true nationality was in her Chinese blood and is only a different way of thinking. However, Jing-Mei associates Chinese ness with the embarrassing things her mother did such as being color-blind to the fact that lemon yellow and pale pink are not good combinations for winter clothes. Jing-Mei later sees her mothers view as right when she goes to China and she feels her heritage as her blood rushes a new course. 3. Despite this, the final part of the book, Queen Mother of the Western Skies, appears to be optimistic. Mothers do pass on their strength to their daughters, and daughters do inherit things from their mothers (see example p101 and 103) even when they fight it (p267). The title stories on p. 147 and p. 213 suggest there is a bond that links successive generations. P101. Waverly leans that fighting out of stubbornness you become alone, she is obstinate like her mother. P103. Lena sees horrors (e. g. I saw a beetle wearing the face of a child like her mother did, this is the part of me I got from my mother. P267. Jing-Mei vigorously denied that she had any Chinese whatsoever beneath skin P147 When the daughter looks in the mirror, she sees her self, suggesting t hat her children will resemble her. This knowledge conveys the link between generations, the ties that bind the past and the present. P213 Every generation of women experiences evil and through loss of innocence they become aware of it. The grandmother wants women to be aware of evil and still maintain their hope for future happiness. Three things to think about: 1. What is the significance of the lifes importance Suyuan Woo gives to her daughter? Suyuan gives Jing-Mei the pendant which is her lifes importance to soother her humiliation. .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a , .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a .postImageUrl , .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a , .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a:hover , .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a:visited , .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a:active { border:0!important; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a:active , .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uede22279f25ac36645728754bbad198a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Helicon by Samuel Heaney EssayShe is also offering love and confidence to her daughter, her offering of her own heritage. This perhaps signifies that she foresees her own death; the injured crab is a bad sign at Chinese New Year and might herald her end. Significantly, after her mothers death the pendant begins to assume great importance to Jing-Mei. The pendant signifies Suyuans desire to impress upon her daughter that she is best quality and should strive for nothing less. 2. There are many instances of things and people being lost and found in the book. Do you think this might be important? Yes, because it shows the struggles of coming to terms with their heritage and culture. Self-discovery and understanding relationships are important aspects to the novel. 3. Why does the book end as it does? The book ends as it does because Jing-Mei has found her heritage and discovered what she wants in life. The structure of the ending unifies the book. Not only does this chapter pick up where the first chapter left off, but it also uses the same point of view and narrator. It continues the use of parallelism evident throughout the book, but most especially in Feathers from a Thousand Li Away.